Over the last decade, interest in rearing black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has grown exponentially. BSF larvae (BSFL) can be reared on any waste substrate, but the type of substrate markedly impacts the overall efficiency of the process as well as the composition of the larval biomass. It also influences the overall environmental impact of the generated larval protein. In this chapter, we look at available waste streams for BSFL rearing in the European Union and globally. We describe the different process parameters, in addition to substrate properties that influence process efficiency, and how different substrates affect the process, the composition of the larval biomass as well as the environmental impact. Later in the chapter, the implications and challenges faced by the insect industry are discussed, along with ways in which these challenges can be met.
